Speaker 1: Hello Researchers. This is the time to learn about another qualitative approach i.e. Case Study. Study of a case within real life. Case is studied within a bounded system i.e. time or place. Case can be single or multiple. It is a very common approach in psychology, sociology, political science and social work. Case studies may be used to answer the how or why questions and when the researcher has little control over events. Features of Case Study It begins with the identification of a case. Involves multiple sources of information or data collection. In-depth understanding, data analysis depends on the objectives of case study, usually description, thematic analysis. Case or subject can be selected in three ways. An Outlier Case This case based on familiarity with you. That could be house or your workplace. Key Case Special case, special characteristics, for example, height phobia. The third type of case is local knowledge case. Individuality, different from others, for example, crime situation in Lehari. In case study our approaches can be five. 1. Testing a Theory Your case study aims to test already existing framework or theory. 2. Building a Theory Building a framework of ideas or model. 3. Drawing a Picture Your aim in this study is to illustrate the phenomenon to make it more real for the reader. 4. Experimental You test the ideas under controlled conditions. In social sciences an experiment could be a little trial of something or does X cause Y. Interpretative, an in-depth understanding in the environment of the subject. Process in a single case study can be in four ways. Snapshot, collecting data in one period of time, month, week or a day. Diachronic, it shows change over time, reveals differences. Nested, how does the subunits connected with each other. Retrospective, collecting data about past phenomenon. In multiple case study process will be in two ways. Sequential, cases are investigated one by one. Parallel, cases are investigated at the same time. Data collection in case study. Purposeful sampling, intensive data collection. Six types of data can be collected. Documents, archival records, direct observation, participant observation and physical artifacts. Data analysis of case study can be thematic analysis or generating themes. Detailed description with an analysis and cross case analysis.