Speaker 1: Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil. And I'm Beth. If you're deaf or hard of hearing, watching television would be impossible without subtitles – the words of dialogue added at the bottom of the screen explaining what the characters

Speaker 2: are saying. Subtitled captions aren't only for dialogue. In the most dramatic, action-packed scenes of a movie, there might be no-one speaking, but there are plenty of sounds – a scream, a thrilling car chase – and all these sounds need to be described as well.

Speaker 1: In this programme we'll be meeting Carly Witowska, a subtitler who works on The Stranger Things show, to find out more. And of course, we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well.

Speaker 2: But first, I have a question for you, Neil. Movie subtitles are written ahead of time, but subtitling for live TV has to be done in the moment, as the person is speaking. This can lead to mistakes – sometimes very funny ones – including a subtitle which appeared in an interview for the BBC 6 O'clock News in 2019. But what did the subtitle say? Was it… a. We can't allow Spider-Man to become Prime Minister b. We can't allow Superman to become Prime Minister c. We can't allow Batman to become Prime Minister

Speaker 1: I guess the subtitling mistake involved Spider-Man?

Speaker 2: I'll reveal the answer later in the programme. Of course, it's not just deaf audiences that subtitles help. The translated subtitles of foreign films are great for learning languages, letting you read a word and hear how it's pronounced at the same time. And because subtitles describe everything from monster squelches to bombs exploding, it's a great way to learn new adjectives. Here's subtitler Carly Witowska explaining to BBC Radio 4 programme Word of Mouth how her choice of adjective creates emotion for the viewer.

Speaker 3: It depends on the genre and depends on the shows. And so if you have a very upbeat sort of period piece where the music is very jaunty, like you would use the word jaunty to describe the music, it's creating an idea of what a sound is like and using a very, very descriptive word in order to do so.

Speaker 1: Carly bases her descriptions on the film's genre – a style of film, music or book with its own particular set of features. The sound effects needed for a thriller like Stranger Things – creaking stairs and sudden screams – are very different from the sounds used in historical period dramas, which are more upbeat, light-hearted and cheerful.

Speaker 2: This influences the adjective Carly chooses to describe a sound. For example, upbeat music might be described as jaunty – full of energy and confidence.

Speaker 1: Subtitles started out as an accessibility feature for deaf audiences and to translate foreign language films into English. But since the growth of online streaming services like Netflix, subtitling has become something of an art.

Speaker 2: Carly belongs to a team of subtitlers who try to make their descriptions as close as possible to the sounds they hear. Here she tells BBC Radio 4's Word of Mouth about a time her team found exactly the right word.

Speaker 3: I loved Gobsmacked Silence because you were able to tell that people were like almost on the verge of a gasp or on the verge of like a shock and that was the atmosphere but there wasn't actually a sound so when my colleague came up with that one I definitely wanted to give him a virtual high five.

Speaker 1: In this scene, the surprise characters were about to gasp – take in a short, quick breath of air. There was no speech or sound in the scene but Carly's team found the perfect adjective to describe the silence – gobsmacked – which is slang for being so surprised you can't speak.

Speaker 2: This was definitely one description that deserved a high five – lifting up your hand to clap hands with someone else as a greeting or to say well done. In fact, the phrase gobsmacked silence was so good it went viral and started being used in all kinds of situations.

Speaker 1: Maybe gobsmacked was how the viewers of that TV news programme felt – you know, the mistaken subtitle you asked me about in your question. I guess the incorrect subtitle was we can't allow Spider-Man to become Prime Minister.

Speaker 2: Which was the wrong answer, I'm afraid. In fact, the interviewee said we can't allow that man to become Prime Minister, speaking about Boris Johnson, but the misheard subtitle appeared as Batman.

Speaker 1: OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learnt from this programme on subtitles, starting with genre – a style of film, music or book with its own particular set of characteristics.

Speaker 2: Something which is upbeat is cheerful, hopeful and light-hearted.

Speaker 1: The adjective jaunty means full of energy and confidence.

Speaker 2: If you gasp, you take in a short, quick breath of air in surprise or in pain.

Speaker 1: You can use the slang expression gobsmacked when someone is so surprised they can't speak.

Speaker 2: And finally, if you give someone a high-five, you hold up your hand above your head, clapping hands with somebody else as a greeting or to say well done.

Speaker 1: Once again, our 6 minutes are up. Goodbye for now.

Speaker 2: Bye.