Speaker 1: In this tutorial, we are going to see a step-by-step guide on how to do qualitative data analysis of interviews, focus groups, and open-ended questionnaire-based data fast using Atlas TI 2024 and InVivo 14. So the outline is as follows. As you know, there are two major approaches to qualitative data coding. We have inductive coding that consists of manual coding, initial coding, open coding, semantic coding, or explicit coding. So we simply read and attach labels to the chunks of text according to the speaker's meaning. And we have also latent coding or implicit coding, in which we just see what is beyond the intended meaning conveyed in the text or the transcripts. Then we have InVivo coding, where the same chunks of the text or the words of the participant or interviewer become, let's say, the main code. And the axial coding here is just about the relationship between codes. And then we have selective coding, when we just refine the codes and we start developing initial categories and developing categories into initial themes and revising and naming and defining themes and coming up with final themes and reports using Browns and Clark's approach of thematic analysis or reflexive thematic analysis. Then we have categories and then themes. Sometimes we call the quotes and codes first-order, let's say, coding and the themes or and the categories and themes we call them second-order coding. So these are just different names. So this is the first approach with regard to inductive coding. Inductive coding, on the other hand, consists of manual coding where you just read again and you can just color code or highlight, etc. So the other one is the codebook development approach. So here you have a codebook with specific codes that are based on a specific theory or framework. And here we try to code the data according to the codebook that you develop before reading the data and coding it. Then we have code groups or aggregate codes. So here we can just put the groups together to answer research questions. So we can just put research questions on the top level and under each one we put the codes that correspond to them. So this is what we call code groups or aggregate codes. We also have document groups if we want to compare, let's say, different participants based on age, gender, professional status, country, etc. So then we have categories and then we have themes. This is for deductive coding, which is mostly called the codebook approach as well, which is called also theory-driven coding, whereas inductive coding is called data-driven coding. So these are the two major approaches that you should understand before delving into the process of the qualitative beta analysis. So the last one is creating coding frames based on theories and connecting predetermined codes and themes to relevant, let's say, excerpts in the data and assigning those codes, themes to excerpts and extracting information from the data. So thematic analysis, which is the focus of this video, and reflexive thematic analysis by Brown and Clark, consists of six phases that you should understand. And this article was in 2006, so there were some revisions made earlier in 2019, 2020. So here we have familiarization with the data. This means just you take the excerpts, you read them, you re-read them to understand the patterns. Then you generate the initial codes based on your reading. And sometimes you could just come up with a lot of codes and you could also use AI coding or intentional AI coding using Atlas TI. And this is what we are going to see based on your research questions, objectives, or aim, etc. Then we search for themes. After just taking the codes, grouping them together, we start forming themes and we review themes. And so we define them, we give them names, we review them, and then this is like defining and naming them. This is like the fifth phase and writing the reports or the summary tables and figures. This is like the sixth step. So it's an iterative process to some extent. We can consider it a linear because we could just start with one phase and move on in a sequential order. And then we have qualitative research approaches and methods in which we have different approaches like thematic analysis, TA, reflexive thematic analysis, RTA, the GEOA methodology that is used especially in business, entrepreneurial studies, which is quite the same to thematic analysis, but it just uses a model at the end with the first order codes, quotes, and the second order categories, themes, etc. that answer research questions. Then we have phenomenology or what we call interpretive phenomenological analysis, IPA. Then we have qualitative content analysis, QCA. Then we have grounded theory by Chalmers using constant comparison, etc. Then we have the Q, the uppercase Q methodology, and the Q methodology, the lowercase. So the uppercase means that you use in your research approach qualitative research as the main approach within what we call interpretivism, whereas the small q here, we talk about mixed method research where we use both quantitative and qualitative. That's why we have a lowercase Q methodology. To continue other qualitative research approaches and methods, we have critical theory, then we have ethnography, which studies the perception, the belief, the action, and the practices. Then we have also netnography, which studies the behavior in the net, which is the international network or the internet. Then we have discourse analysis, which studies the linguistic features of speech or any discourse to reveal the ideologies and the implicit and explicit meanings that are being conveyed. Then we have sentiment analysis that groups the data into negative sentiments, positive sentiments, and neutral sentiments, and it is used to analyze usually Twitter data or X data or other types of data to see the sentiment of people towards a certain issue. Then we have case study analysis that delves into the study of specific case to see the in-depth of it. Then we have comparative analysis that is usually run using document groups to compare different, let's say, interviewees or participants or documents based on certain specific, let's say, characteristics like demographic characteristics or other criteria. Then we have gap analysis to study what is lacking in a certain area or content gap analysis. Then we have framework analysis that is pretty much similar to thematic analysis, but it is just systematic and it has this procedure of coming up with a theory or framework to analyze a certain set of data. Then we have template analysis, which is usually used in applied policy research, and it is characterized by transparency and accountability in terms of the data analysis procedures. Then we have summary tables and figures that we can generate using the explore function on NVivo 14 or the network function on Atlas TI, be it the web version or the desktop version. So amongst the common summary tables and figures, we have word clouds and word frequencies. Then we have regular charts to see the like bar charts, pie charts, etc. Then we have hierarchy charts. Then we have tables. Then we have project maps. Then we have mind maps. Then we have concept maps. Then we have comparison diagrams and the matrix coding query tables that match the codes with the participants or with the quotes, etc. Then we have network diagrams, code document tables, code co-occurrence table, and Sankey diagrams or code documents. So this Sankey diagram matches the codes with the documents for comparison reasons. For now, we are going to see a practical example of analyzing an open-ended qualitative question. So stay tuned for the upcoming videos and see you soon.