Speaker 1: Hey guys, welcome back to the channel. If you're new here, my name is Ali. I'm a junior doctor working in Cambridge, and in this video, I'm gonna share with you the essay memorization framework that I used when I was in my third year at Cambridge University. That was the year in which I was studying psychology, and I actually ended up winning the prize for best exam performance in the year group, and I pretty much exclusively attribute that to this essay memorization framework. This method should work for most essay-based subjects, but even if your subject isn't essay-based, I hope you might still find this video useful and pick up a few tips and techniques along the way. And of course, everything I'm gonna mention is gonna be linked in timestamps in the video description and in a pinned comment, so you can skip around the video if you feel like it. Let's just jump into it. So there are basically two stages to this method. The first stage is the creation stage, and the second stage is the memorization stage. So in the creation stage, the objective is to create first-class essay plans for every conceivable essay title that they could throw at us in the exam, and in the memorization stage, we're gonna be committing all of these essay plans to memory by systematically using active recall, spaced repetition, spider diagrams, and flashcards. The idea is that by the time the exam rolls around, you'll have memorized so many essay plans that a lot of them will just come up in the exam anyway because you've predicted the titles and you'll just be able to regurgitate stuff from your brain onto the paper. But even if stuff comes up that you haven't memorized, you'll know so much about the subject and you'll have so many content blocks in your head that you'll be able to generate a first-class essay from scratch. So that was a general overview. Let's now talk about the two components, the creation stage and the memorization stage in turn. So the broad objective of the creation stage is to create a large number of really, really good essay plans that you can then memorize in the memorization stage and regurgitate onto paper during your exam. Now, it's probably beyond the scope of this video for me to teach you how to write a good essay and probably also beyond the scope of my own expertise, but I will share some tips on three main questions, and that's firstly, how you decide what essay titles to pick, secondly, how you plan the essay, and thirdly, how you make sure your essay plan is really, really good. So let's deal with those in turn. So firstly, how do we decide what essays we're gonna prepare? The objective here is to scope the subject and find essay titles that cover the entire breadth of the syllabus. Now, the easiest way to do this is to look at past papers and look at whatever past papers you have available and see what essays have come up in the past, and you start off with those, and then once you've planned out those essays, you'll know enough about that subject in particular that you'll be able to put yourself in the shoes of examiners and start thinking, okay, what's a good essay title that I've not yet asked about? If you haven't got past papers available, then I'm very sorry to hear that. You're just gonna have to put yourself into the examiner's shoes from the get-go, or you can actually go to your teacher, your professor, your lecturer, or whatever, and say, hey, what's the sort of essays that might come up in the exam? What are some things that are things I should be thinking about? So having made a list of what essays we're gonna plan, we then need to actually plan those essays, and this is the fun part. This is the part that actually requires doing some cognitive labor. So the way I would do this is that I'd give myself one day per essay plan. So in the first term of uni, I was a slacker. I only made like five essay plans. In the second term, I made about 10, and then in the Easter holidays, I really ramped it up and made about 35 different ones, and the way I'd do it is that I'd start off with a question. So for example, do animals have a theory of mind? And then I would use Google to get as much information as I can about that particular question. I would ignore the lecture notes initially, and I would ignore the recommended reading. I'd start off with Google, because Google is like a really good way to find the answer to any question that you want, and often, I'd be linked to review articles and review papers, and I'd be reading through those review papers. Oftentimes, the review paper would directly answer the question, in which case, I've pretty much got my essay. I just need to turn it into my own words, but a lot of the time, I'd be following references from the review paper, and then once I'd created my essay plan, I would then look at the lecture notes and the recommended reading, and this meant that a lot of my material was hopefully more original than everyone else's, because most of the students would have built their essays based around the lecture notes, whereas I was building my essays on a random Google search. So I would start off by creating a research document on that particular topic, and pretty much copy and paste every relevant bit of every paper I could find. So this is my 10-page document about theory of mind. I've copied and pasted various bits and rephrased various bits, and very random, I don't even know any of this anymore. This is, and I've included links at the bottom to where I got the information from, so if I need to return to it, I'll be able to find it again, and then once I've got my research document, I spend the next few hours planning out the essay and actually writing it out properly. So here is my plan. Is theory of mind a useful concept for understanding social cognition in animals? And yeah, I've got an intro, I've got a preamble, I've got subheadings, I've got evidence, and I've basically taken all of this from these various different resources, from books, from the review papers, from the lecture notes from Google, and I've consolidated them into this one essay that I'm ultimately gonna memorise. And as you can see over here, I've pretty much done this for everything within my subject. So this is section B, Comparative Cognition, which is all about the thinking of animals. Can animals plan for the future? Causality, cognitive maps, the convergent evolution theory of intelligence. Do animals have a theory of mind? Is a theory of mind a useful concept? And you can see here, I've written Anki beside them, which is a foreshadowing as to what's gonna come later in this video. So now we've done our research document, we've planned this essay, we've pretty much written it out based on our research document, and we've only given ourselves one day to do this because of Parkinson's law, that work expands to fill the time we allocate to it. But how do we make the essay plan actually good? A lot of things go into good essay plan, but in my opinion, there are three things that count. Number one, structure, number two, actually answering the question, and number three, having a bit of flair, a bit of spice that you're sprinkling in your essay plan. And I think the introduction is the most important part of the essay because in the introduction, you can signal to the examiner that you're doing all three of these things. And when the examiner's marking your paper, they're probably really bored, they've read hundreds of these scripts already, you wanna hit them with like a really legit introduction. So here's an example of an introduction from one of my essays about whether judgment and decision-making is cognitive, i.e. logical, or affective, i.e. emotional. So I've written that, the historical view in the social sciences has always been that judgments are based solely on content information with individuals being assumed to form judgments by systematically evaluating all available content information in an unbiased manner. Oh my God. However, over the past three decades, a considerable amount of research has challenged this assumption by showing that judgments may be formed not only on the basis of content information, cognitive judgments, but also on the basis of feelings, affective judgment. It is now well accepted that judgment can be both affective and cognitive. And here's where the good stuff comes. Whether it is one or the other depends on a multitude of factors. Number one, the salience of the affective feelings. Number two, the representativeness of the affective feelings for the target. Number three, the relevance of the feelings to the judgment. Number four, the evaluative malleability of the judgment. And number five, the level of processing intensity. And here is the ultimate clincher for this. I will discuss these in turn and ultimately argue that generally speaking, in day-to-day life, the circumstances are generally those that result in affective rather than cognitive judgments and decision-making. If we can disentangle all the verbosity from that paragraph, what I've done is I've laid out the five main bits of the essay in terms of structure, and I've used numbered points for that rather than just a list because numbered makes it really, really obvious to the examiner that I've got a good structure. I've also said exactly what the answer to the question is. The question is asking whether our judgments are cognitive, i.e. logical or affective, emotional. And instead of wishing washing around it, I have said in this essay, I will argue that they are emotional rather than cognitive in most elements of day-to-day life. So I'm telling the examiner, look, I'm answering the question, this is what you're gonna get from me. And finally, I've added a little bit of flair, hopefully with this stuff about the historical context. I probably got that from a textbook or from a review paper somewhere, and I've probably phrased into my own notes. And obviously, this is just my plan. So in the exam, I won't quite be using it word for word. So it's absolutely not plagiarism. It's using useful resources to create a bit of flair by adding a bit of historical context. So hopefully this introduction covers all three points, structure, answering the question, and a bit of flair. Now, I'm gonna leave it at that for this section of the video. Obviously, there are entire university courses and entire books and stuff devoted to the art of writing a good essay. I don't personally think I'm very good at writing an essay, but I think I'm pretty good at using Google effectively and copying and pasting stuff into a research word document and then turning it into fairly legit sounding prose. And then I think I'm pretty good at systematically memorizing all that information. So if you wanna know more about how to write an essay, how I write an essay, then let me know in the comments, and I'll maybe try and do a video on it if I can kind of break down the process a bit further. But now let's talk about stage two of the process, the memorization stage. Okay, so by this point, we've got a load of really good essay plans that we have created in Word documents. Now, the objective in the memorization stage is to upload all of those essay plans to our brain so that we can then regurgitate them in the exam. And we're gonna do this using three main techniques. Number one, Anki flashcards, number two, spider diagrams, and number three, a retrospective revision timetable. So again, let's talk about these in turn. So firstly, Anki. And I've basically used Anki flashcards to memorize every paragraph in every essay plan. And this might seem a bit overkill, but it worked for me. So what I've done is, as you can see, I've got keywords on the front of the card like Bauer 1984, or Dammisch et al. 2006, or Ellis et al. 1997, or short-term versus long-term memory introduction. I've even put the introduction into an Anki flashcard. And then over time, I'll memorize these, because pretty much anything that goes into my Anki flashcards, because during the exam term, I'm going through my flashcards every single day, and I'm doing Anki's spaced repetition algorithm, I just know that anything that's in my Anki is just gonna get uploaded to my brain with a small amount of effort put in by me to actually memorize this stuff. So yeah, I've got the keywords, and I've got the content. So basically, if I've put a paper, Russell and Fair 1987, I'm describing in the Anki flashcard what that paper shows, which means that overall, I create these blocks of content that every Anki flashcard is its own little block, and that block can slot into my essay that I've planned. But also, if a weird essay comes up that I haven't explicitly planned, I still have all these blocks of knowledge in my head. And that means if there is a paper that's relevant, I'll know what it is. I'll know what the reference is. I'll know what the content is. I'll know how to describe the experiment. And I'll just be able to put it into even new essays that I'm writing on the spot in the exam. So that's all well and good. But obviously, knowing Tversky and Kahneman experiment from 1974 or Musweiler and Strack from 2000, those things aren't that helpful unless you can also associate them with their own essays. And that's where the spider diagrams come in. All right, so the second prong of the memorization stage of the essay memorization framework involves spider diagrams. And this is the book that I made all my spider diagrams in. So having memorized a ton of content blocks from my essays using Anki flashcards, what I've now done is from the 20th of April onwards, I made spider diagrams, one page diagrams of every single essay. So here's the first one about implicit versus explicit memory. We've done various topics within memory, cognitive maps, metacognition. And the idea is that we've pretty much got the whole structure of the essay along with the keywords in the spider diagram. So this is the essay about short-term memory versus long-term memory. It starts off with an introduction, then something about single system memory, then something about the two components. And if we zoom in over here, we see I've written G plus C 1966. And that actually refers to the flashcard over here, where I talk about Glanzer and Kunitz 1966. And in my flashcard, I've got the content blog where I'm describing the experiment. And actually, this is just like a whole paragraph, another GNC experiment. This G 1972 is Glanzer 1972, Crake 1970. B and H is Badley and someone else. I think I've, oh, Badley and Hitch. Yeah, 1977. So I have all these content blocks in Anki and I've just put the keywords onto the spider diagram so that when I'm creating the spider diagram and I write G plus C 1966, I know exactly what that refers to. Obviously, I've now forgotten four years later, but I used to know exactly what that referred to back in the day. And I've done this for every single one of the 40, 50 essays that I've memorized. And the way this would work is that every day, I would just draw out various spider diagrams from memory. So on the 20th of April, as we can see over here, I did implicit, explicit, recollection, familiarity, semantic, episodic, short-term, long-term memory. Then on the 21st, I did future planning. I did theory of mind. I did theory of mind usefulness, metacognition, cognitive maps. Gosh, personality genes, black and white differences in IQ and intelligence, controversial subject. The Flynn effect explanation, multiple intelligent. Wow, I was clearly very productive on the 21st of April, 2015. But the point is that every single day, I'd be drawing out these spider diagrams from memory. And if there were any bits that I didn't know or that was shaky on, I would look up on my master spider diagram or in my master essay plan or in Anki and I'd actively work on those. So over time, this ended up being like a really effective way to systematically use active recall to ensure that I knew absolutely everything. And like in the time before the exam, I was just bashing through these. So, you know, 8th of May, we've done this one, we've done this one, we've done that one, another one, another one, another one, another one. I think this is all on the 8th of May, another one. Wow, yeah, this was like about a week before our exams. And on the 8th of May, I've just absolutely bashed through and planned about, you know, I've just like drawn out my plans for about 15 different essays. So we've got our content blocks in Anki. We've memorized them using Anki. We've got our kind of essay structures using spider diagrams. We've memorized them using active recall. The final piece of the puzzle involves systematic spaced repetition. So how did I decide what I was gonna do each day? If you've seen any of my revision videos, you might have come across the idea of the retrospective revision timetable. And that was what I used. I've made a whole video on this. I'm not gonna talk about it in depth. Basically, actually, I'm just gonna show you over here. Where are we? Oh, here we go. This was my retrospective revision timetable. So it's split up into section A, section B and section C. So let's see, implicit versus explicit memory. Oh, here we go. This actually works. So on the 20th of April, I studied implicit versus explicit memory. So I've marked down the date as the 20th of April. And then I've marked down all the various things I did on the 20th of April. And then I think on the 21st, I did some of B and C. Yep, so you can see on the 21st of April, when I active recalled these essay plans over here, wherever they are, I've marked them in the retrospective sheet. And then the idea is that the next time I do them, I am marking the date for that. And then I'm color coding it in red, yellow, green, whatever, depending on how well I knew it at the time. So I've been doing, I've done this for all the essays that I've memorized and I've done it for all of my subjects within psychology. So there's much more detail in the video, specifically by the retrospective revision timetable, where I explain exactly how it works, how I'd recommend using it and why I think it's better than a standard prospective revision timetable. But yeah, that is the third prong of the memorization stage of the essay memorization framework. So that was an overview of the essay memorization framework that I use to systematically memorize about 45 to 50 different essay plans using a mixture of active recall, space repetitions, flashcards, and spider diagrams. And that ended up going quite well for me. In the actual exam, I think about two thirds of the essay titles out of the, I think 12 essays we had to write, I think eight of them were essays that were part of my block of 50, or like I'd already planned them. So it was a pretty, pretty easy enough to just regurgitate what I already knew onto the page, which was awesome. But then about a third of them, about four of the essays were new, they'd never been asked before, I hadn't predicted them. But because I knew so much about the subjects, like, you know, at the time, if you'd asked me any question at all about, you know, animal psychology, or if you'd asked me any question at all about IQ or intelligence or personality or short-term memory, long-term memory, or I don't know, judgment decision-making, I knew so much about those subjects based on memorizing all these essays that it was pretty straightforward to build an essay from scratch in about 10 minutes in the exam. So I would just plan it out using my spider diagram and then regurgitate using my own content blocks from my Anki flashcards, but also just being able to write whatever I wanted because I knew the subject so well. So the method ended up working reasonably well for me. Me and another student, we won the joint award for best exam performance. I later emailed my supervisor and he actually said that she beat me by a few, like, you know, decimals of a percentage point. But because the two of us were so far ahead of everyone else, they decided very kindly to jointly award us the prize for best exam performance. So technically I didn't come first, I actually came second, but that would make for a less clickbaity title. So apologies for that if I've misled you thus far. Anyway, I hope you found this video useful and took something away from it. This method worked really, really well for me. And I kind of wish I'd been more systematic about my revision in this way in subsequent years. But after peaking in third year, I decided that I wanted to do other things. I ended up kind of reverting to inefficient habits, like rereading and highlighting and stuff in my fourth, fifth, and sixth year. But still, you know, having this stuff in the back of my mind meant that I was able to use my retrospective revision timetable to efficiently get pretty reasonable marks in the exams while also sustaining a side career of running a business and running a YouTube channel, which I don't think I'd have been able to do if I hadn't been efficient with my studying, which is why, you know, all these tips, you know, it's useful to use efficient study tips because A, if you want, you can put in loads of time and get really, really good marks. But if you wanna do other stuff on the side, it means you have the time to do other stuff on the side. So that worked really well for me. So thank you so much for watching. I really hope you got something useful out of this video. If you have any questions, please feel free to leave a comment down below and I will reply to the comments, but I'll also put a link in the description to a page about this thing on my website where I will put all of the commonly asked questions and answers that I'll be able to expand more in depth. So if you do have specific questions about this method, have a look at the comments, have a look at my website because it's probably easier to read the answers there directly rather than trolling through YouTube comments. And I don't know if people are gonna troll me for using a clickbait title, but yeah. Anyway, I hope you found this video useful. If you liked it, please give it a thumbs up. If you like, you can follow me on Instagram. I post photos and videos and stuff behind the scenes of how I make these videos and what life as a doctor in the UK is like. My brother and I have also recently started a new podcast. It's called Not Overthinking, and that's where we overthink about topics in daily life like happiness, creativity, and the human condition. That's the tagline. You can find that at notoverthinking.com. And if you haven't subscribed to the channel, then could you consider doing so? I make videos about life as a doctor, but also about studying and videos like this and also about tech reviews and productivity and a bit of music here and there. So thanks so much for watching. Have a good night, and I'll see you in the next video. Bye-bye.