Speaker 1: So, you'll find that these terms are used together and sometimes in replace of each other frequently. So, let's make sure we understand the differences between them. One of the ways I like to look at them is to categorize, for example, guidelines and policies in one area and processes and procedures in the other. So, think of guidelines and policies as like the framework or the skeleton. And next, think of your processes and procedures as like the flesh and blood, something that fills out your guidelines and policies. Another way of looking at it is thinking of breaking it down into ask and task, right? So, your guideline and your policy is the ask. It's a goal you need to achieve. It's something that's written out. It's something that's stipulated. And the task is the process and the procedure. And that's when you have information on how to achieve those guidelines and policies. So, specifically with guidelines, there are summary or an outline, often including best practices. Next are the policies. They're also a summary, but they are mandatory and they are considered a course of action to further goals. Policies are flow down from a source. You will see policies flow down from the sponsor. You'll see policies flow down from the institution. The next is process, and now we're in the task part. The process will describe the flow of the work or series of actions to achieve an end. And procedures provide specific detailed and ordered steps. So, what you'll find a lot with processes and procedures is that the use of modalities, as many modalities as you can to express them, are very helpful. You'll see flow charts. You'll see a lot of colors. You'll see symbols. You'll also see written text as well. But flow charts and symbols can really help make a connection from the mind to the activity. So, now we'll get into some examples. Healthcare provides a lot of guidelines. This is from the CDC, and this is a guideline for mask wearing. So, look at the chart. You see that they use a lot of different colors. Red means stop, yellow means caution, green means go. It helps you understand the time and the place, for example, to wear masks, the example of activities. Now, this is from the Ohio State University. It's a university process flow chart. As a note, they also have written instructions. In the bottom left-hand corner, there's a slide that says retirement. And then if you keep going up, it talks about how to handle revisions, edit, reviews, et cetera. And if you go across, it outlines steps on necessary signatures that are needed, necessary committee approvals, et cetera. So, this is from the University of Michigan. So, this procedure here is regarding the post-award change request form. So, if you click links, you can actually see the whole process and procedures for that. So, it looks like a checklist. You know, there's buttons to push for if you want to do a budget reallocation, a no-cost extension request, et cetera.