Speaker 1: Subtitles and closed captions are one of the biggest struggles in online video. The accuracy of auto-subtitles can be poor, and many people and organizations just don't bother to add these to their videos. This is obviously unacceptable, and accessibility advocates have been saying this for years, but many of us have only really just started paying attention, I guess due to the sudden spike in virtual. All of your videos should have subtitles. About 80% of people watch online videos without sound, and the World Health Organization states that by 2050, nearly 2.5 billion people are projected to have some degree of hearing loss, and many people like me just prefer having the subtitles on. So subtitles are generally in what we call a sidecar file. Pretty much it's just a text file that's completely separate from the video itself. It's the player, such as YouTube here that you see, or built into your social media, that pairs that subtitle file, or multiple subtitle files, with the video file itself. You'll see it when you upload your video file, there's generally a subtitle section where you can add your own subtitles. Now, subtitles can be burned into the video. This is like permanently embedding them into the video picture. It's part of the picture, and this is better than nothing, but it means you can never remove them even if you wanted to repurpose the video, or maybe add an alternate language, and it means your users can't turn them off, which some people find distracting and annoying. No matter what your resources are like, there are some subtitle solutions for you, ranging from totally free, like the stuff that's built into YouTube that I'm going to show you, to some really eye-wateringly expensive solutions. But it is getting better, and the more that we use these, and the more that we demand these, the better the technology will become. So built into YouTube, what you can see here, if you go into adding your subtitles here, what you'll see is a few ways that you can do it. For example, if you already have a subtitle file, and we'll get into that another time, then you can upload the file here. You can type it in manually, so you can actually go through your video line by line, and type it in, and manually insert the times, or YouTube has a really nice tool, which is AutoSync, where actually you play the video, and as the video is playing, you can type in what you're hearing, what's being said. You can tick this box here to pause it while you're typing, so that you can actually keep up with what you're hearing, and then YouTube will very cleverly actually insert the timings for you, and create this subtitle for you. Now even if you're not going to host this video on YouTube, you can still use this tool to then generate your subtitle file, which you then can download to use somewhere else. So here, for example, you can see that this video already has two subtitle files attached to it. It's the automatic one that YouTube have kindly just generated for us, as they do with all the videos. The problem with these auto-generated ones, again, as I said before, is usually the accuracy isn't great. So what we could actually go in and do is edit our auto-generated ones. So rather than starting from scratch, it can be a lot easier to just go in and clean up the typos, and the mistakes that are in there. Or if we have already done one, that we've manually done one, what we can do here now is actually download this file here, and you'll see that it offers you a few different formats. Now generally, I like to work with .srt files. These are unformatted. They don't actually tell the video player how to display them, which is a good thing because people have their own custom ways of displaying these. People who use accessibility tools that are reaching into these subtitle files, they don't need that formatting. Whereas compared to something like .vtt files, these actually contain formatting, fonts, font sizes, things like that. So depending on what your needs are, this might be different. But for me, I generally use .srt files. And what you'll see is that it's really just a text file. Even if it's saved as a .srt file, you can open it up in something like Notepad, and this is behind the curtain of a subtitle file. Essentially what it does, it tells you the line number. So each subtitle after the next is given its own sequential number. It tells you what time in the video this subtitle should come on the screen, and what time it should go off the screen. And then it'll actually just show you, this is a two-line subtitle file, so it'll show you what is displayed for these times. And it essentially just goes through and works like this. Now the good thing about opening this file up in a text file is that you can actually manually edit from here. So say you decided that you wanted it to, a subtitle was on the screen too long, and you wanted it to shorten, we could actually shorten that down from that five seconds to four seconds. If you noticed a little typo in there, or a small grammatical error that you hadn't seen before, you can simply just go in and edit it, save it, and then re-upload it to your file. And so this is a really easy way just to do kind of minor changes to it, or just, you know, I mean in theory what you could actually do is go through this from scratch and type all this stuff in, if you were completely insane. Now what you'll find sometimes is if you end up editing or trimming a video file, this will impact your subtitles. Your video has changed format, the timings of your video have changed, but your subtitle file, because it's a separate file, what we call a sidecar file, because it's a separate file, this hasn't been changed. And what you'll see then is it's suddenly out of sync with the video file. And so there's a few as well free online tools that you can use to help this. And one of the ones that I often use, again I can never remember the name of it, so I generally just search for subtitle shifter or something like that, and you can see a few different ones that I've used. But really what you just do here is you upload the subtitle file that you have, that .srt file that we had, and we tell it, okay we want you to move all these subtitles five seconds earlier, or one minute earlier, or one hour earlier. This is really handy, say for example you cut off the first five minutes of your video because there was an introduction that you no longer wanted to have when you re-put the video up onto YouTube. And so you might also upload your subtitle file, tell it to remove those first five minutes, and then it'll give you a new subtitle file that you can re-upload, and Robert is your mother's brother.